Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Nomenclature

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Prologue
1.2 Relevant Terminology
1.3 The Equivalence Ratio
1.4 Efficiency Considerations
1.5 Cogeneration
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 2 The Internal Combustion Engine

2.1 The Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine
2.2 Hybrid Engine Applications
2.3 Selection of Engine Power Systems
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 3 The Compression Ignition Engine

3.1 The Diesel Engine
3.2 Operational Features of Diesel Engines
3.3 The Ignition Delay
3.4 Diesel Engine Fuels
3.5 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 4 Gas-Fueled Engines

4.1 Merits of Operating on Gaseous Fuels
4.2 Modes of Operation of Gas-Fueled Engines
4.3 The Applications of Gas-Fueled Engines
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 5 The Premixed Dual-Fuel Engine

5.1 Historical Development
5.2 Dual-Fuel Engine Operation
5.3 The Conversion of Diesel Engines to Dual-Fuel Operation
5.4 The Employment of Dual-Fuel Engines
5.5 Some Economic Considerations
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 6 Methane and Natural Gas as Engine Fuels

6.1 Natural Gas as a Fuel
6.2 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
6.3 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
6.4 Fuel Mixtures Containing Methane with Diluent Gases
6.5 Some Other Natural Gas Mixtures
6.6 Some Common Nonnatural Gas-Fuel Mixtures
6.7 Biogas Fuels
6.8 Landfill Gases
6.9 Some Other Gaseous Fuel Mixtures
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 7 Liquefied Petroleum Gases. Hydrogen, and Other Alternative Fuels

7.1 Evaluating the Merits of the Different Gaseous Fuels for Dual-Fuel Operation
7.2 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
7.3 Other Alternative Fuels
7.4 Hydrogen as an Engine Fuel
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 8 Safety Considerations

8.1 Fuel Safety Requirements
8.2 Methane and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Operational Safety
8.3 LNG Operational Safety
8.4 Operational Safety of LPG Gases
8.5 Some Engine Safety Measures
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 9 Combustion of Fuel Gases

9.1 Some Combustion Fundamentals
9.2 Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes
9.3 Diffusion vs. Premixed Combustion
9.4 Diesel Engine Combustion
9.5 Heat Release Analysis
9.6 Flammability and Combustion Limits of Gas Fuel-Air Mixtures
9.7 Methane Oxidation within Fuel Mixtures
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 10 The Conversion of Diesel Engines to Dual-Fuel Operation

10.1 Economics of Conversion
10.2 The Requirements for Conversion to Dual-Fuel Operation
10.3 Some Features of Conversion to Dual-Fuel Operation
10.4 Engines Dedicated Wholly to Dual-Fuel Operation
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 11 The Diesel Fuel Pilot

11.1 The Function of the Pilot
11.2 Pilot Size Considerations
11.3 Reduction of the Relative Size of the Pilot
11.4 Pilot Fuel Delivery Systems
11.5 Micro-Pilot Applications
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 12 Gaseous Fuel Admission

12.1 Modes of Fuel Gas Admission
12.2 Some of the Limitations of Fuel Gas Fumigation
12.3 In-Cylinder Direct Injection of Ultra-High-Pressure Fuel Gas
12.4 LNG, LPG, and Hydrogen Admissions
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 13 Dual-Fuel Engine Combustion

13.1 Combustion Processes
13.2 The Ignition Delay
13.3 Flame Propagation Limits
13.4 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Combustion
13.5 Combustion with Direct In-Cylinder High-Pressure Gas Injection
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 14 Dual-Fuel Engine Performance

14.1 Performance under Light Load Conditions
14.2 Some Remedial Measures for Improving Light Load Operation
14.3 The Dispensing of Fugitive Gas Emissions through the Operation of Diesel Engines on Ultra-Lean Methane-Air Mixtures
14.4 Rich Mixture Operation in Dual-Fuel Engines
14.5 Simultaneous Production of Synthesis Gas and Power in a Dual-Fuel Engine
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 15 Knock in Dual-Fuel Engines

15.1 Knock in Gas-Fueled Spark Ignition Engines
15.2 The Knock Rating of Fuels
15.3 Diesel Engine Knock
15.4 Dual-Fuel Engine Knock
15.5 Some Measures to Reduce the Incidence of Knock
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 16 Exhaust Emissions

16.1 Exhaust Products of Engine Combustion
16.2 Dual-Fuel Engine Emissions
16.3 Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions
16.4 Particulate Emissions
16.5 Oxides of Sulfur Emissions
16.6 Emission Control Measures
16.7 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 17 Some Operational Features of Dual-Fuel Engines

17.1 Dual-Fuel Engine Performance
17.2 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
17.3 Heat Transfer in Dual-Fuel Engines
17.4 Engine Operation on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
17.5 Cyclic Variations
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 18 Dual-Fuel Engine Management

18.1 Engine Management Systems
18.2 Some Features of Dual-Fuel Management
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 19 Dual-Fuel Engine Operation on Alternative Fuels

19.1 Dual-Fuel Operation on Propane, Butane, and LPG
19.2 Operation on Hydrogen with Pilot Ignition
19.3 Dual-Fuel Operation with Some Gasoline Fumigation
19.4 Dual-Fuel Operation with Alcohol Fumigation
19.5 Operation on Biogases and Methane-Diluent Fuel Mixtures
References and Recommended Reading

Chapter 20 Predictive Modeling of Dual-Fuel Engine Performance

20.1 Modeling Combustion Processes
20.2 Predictive Modeling of Engine Performance
20.3 Modeling Dual-Fuel Engine Performance
20.4 Some Modeled Examples
References and Recommended Reading

Glossary
Bibliography