List of Tables and Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Introduction

1 BIRTH: AUGUST 14,1947
The Muslims of British India, 2
The Muslims of North-Central Provinces, 5
The Muslims of Punjab and Bengal, 8
The Muslims of the Northeastern Provinces, 10
Pakistan: The Unfinished Task, 12
The Land and Its People, t 2

2 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: CONTlNUlNG SEARCH FOR STABILITY
The Roots of Diversity, 25
Muhajir and Indigenous Cultures: The Constitution of 1956,28 The Ayub Khan Era, 31
The Yahya Khan Era, 40
The Bhutto Era, 44
The Zia Era, 50
Pakistan’s Military Presidents: A Comparative Analysis, 71 A Series of Failed Administrations, 74

3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: CONTlNUING POSTPONEMENT OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE
The Current Structure of the Economy, 97
Recent Economic History, 99
The Role of Politics in Pakistan’s Economy, 100
External Influences on Pakistan’s Economy, 108
The Agricultural Sector, 122
The Industrial Sector, 125
Domestic Resource Mobilization, 134
Pakistan’s Economic Future, 137

4 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: MISSED OPPORTUNITIES
Education and Development, 142
Health and Development, 152
The Population Problem, 154
Urbanization, 157
Poverty, 158
The Status of Women, 163
Conclusion, 167

5 GOVERNANCE, CORRUPTION, AND DEVELOPMENT: SOME MAJOR OBSTACLES TO GROWTS AND MODERNIZATION
Poor Governance, Corruption, and the Fall of Benazir Bhutto’s Second Government, 170
Poor Governance, Corruption, and Its Impact on Development, 176
Culture and the Culture of Corruption, 180
Conclusion, 186

6 FOREIGN RELATIONS: SEARCHING FOR A NEW IDENTITY
Initial Foreign Policy Tasks, 192
Relations with India, 193
Relations with Afghanistan, 197
Relations with the United States, 201
Relations with the Third World, 205
Relations with the Muslim World, 206
Development of the Bomb, 208
Terrorism, 21 1
Conclusion, 2 12

7 AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE 215
Pakistan’s Historical Purpose, 215
The Role of Islam in Nation Building, 218
Issues for the Future, 221

Notes
Bibliography
About the Book and Author
Index