Contents


Foreword (Rafael Khakimov, Marie Favereau) . 3
Introduction (Vadim Trepavlov) 7

Chapter I. Central Asia and Eastern Europe in the 12th–Beginning of the 13th Centuries .. 13
§ 1. Nomadic Empires of Central Asia (Nikolay Kradin) 13
§ 2. Khwarezm, the Eastern Kipchaks and Volga Bulgaria in the Late 12–early 13th Centuries
(Dmitry Timokhin, Vladimir Tishin) . 25
§ 3. The Nomads of Eastern Europe in the Early 13th Century (Vladimir Ivanov) . 40
§ 4. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Cumans Shortly before the Western Campaign
of the Mongols (Roman Hautala) . 49
§ 5. The Mongol Empire and Its Role in World History (Nikolay Kradin) . 57

Chapter II. The Formation of the Ulus of Jochi 70
§ 1. Jochi—The First Ruler of the Ulus (Ilnur Mirgaleyev) 70
§ 2. The Conquest of Khwarezm by Mongol Troops (1219–1221)
(Dmitry Timokhin) 75
§ 3. The Conquest of Russian Lands in 1237–1240 (Alexander Majorov) .. 86
§ 4. The Campaign of Conquest of Central Europe:
Military Force and Secret Diplomacy (Alexander Majorov) .. 110
§ 5. The Formation of the Ulus of Jochi (Vadim Trepavlov) . 134

Chapter III. The Politics of the Ulus of Jochi .. 144
§ 1. The Administrative Structure. Administrative Organisation (Vadim Trepavlov) ... 144
§ 2. Territorial Organisation of the Ulus of Jochi
(Territory to the West of the Don) (Boris Cherkas) 153
§ 3. The Law of the Golden Horde. Taxation.
Court Etiquette and the Protocol (Roman Pochekaev) 175
§ 4. Interrelations of Rus’ with the Jochid Ulus (Charles J. Halperin) . 193
§ 5. Left Wing of the Ulus of Jochi in the 13–the Beginning of the 15th Centuries
(Kanat Uskenbay) ... 203
§ 6. Languages Used in the Records Keeping
and Paperwork Culture of the Golden Horde (Lenar Abzalov) ... 212

Chapter IV. The Golden Age of the Ulus of Jochi .. 220
§ 1. First Rulers of the Ulus of Jochi (Roman Pochekaev) 220
§ 2. The Golden Age of the Ulus of Jochi: The Rule of ?z Beg and Jani Beg
(Roman Pochekaev) 239
§ 3. Military Science in the Golden Horde (Emil Seydaliyev) ... 259

Chapter V. The Population of the Ulus of Jochi and
the Development of the Medieval Tatar Ethnos .. 282
§ 1. The Ethnonym ‘Tatar’ at Different Stages of Eurasian History (Rafael Khakimov) ... 282
§ 2. Interconfessional Population of the Ulus of Jochi .. 304
Russians (Yuri Seleznyov) ... 304
Peoples of the Volga-Ural Region (Vladimir Ivanov) . 310
Armenians (Alexander Osipyan) . 316
§ 3. Catholic Missionaries in the Golden Horde (Roman Hautala) ... 323
Chapter VI. The Golden Horde and Its Neighbours .. 329
§ 1. The Golden Horde and the Mamluks (Marie Favereau) 329
§ 2. The Golden Horde and Anatolia (Ilnur Mirgaleyev) .. 347
§ 3. The Golden Horde and the Yuan Dynasty (Zh?o Zh? Ch?n) .. 352
§ 4. Between Steppe Khanates: Relations Between the Chagataids
and the Golden Horde (1260–1370) (Michal Biran) ... 356
§ 5. Relations with the Ilkhans (Ilnur Mirgaleyev) 360
§ 6. The Confrontation Between the Ulus of Jochi and the Catholic Europe
from the Mid-13th to the Mid-14th Сenturies (Roman Hautala) 364
§ 7. The Golden Horde and the Balkans (13–14th Сenturies) (Aleksandar Uzelac) .. 376
§ 8. The Domination of the Golden Horde in the Romanian Regions (Victor Spinei) ... 394

Chapter VII. The Civilisation of the Golden Horde ... 427
§ 1. The Golden Horde as a Сivilisation
(Based on Archaeological Materials) (Mark Kramarovsky) ... 427
§ 2. Environmental and Economic Criteria of
Civilisation in the Golden Horde (Eduard Kulpin-Gubaydullin) 448
§ 3. The Islamic Culture of the Golden Horde (Elmira Sayfetdinova) ... 458
§ 4. Architecture and Art in the Golden Horde (Emma Zilivinskaya) 465
§ 5. The Language of Written Records from the Golden Horde Period (Fanuza Nurieva) ... 503
§ 6. Literature of the Ulus of Jochi and the Post–Golden Horde
Tatar Khanates (Khatip Minnegulov) .. 515
§ 7. Formation of the Historiographic Tradition (Elmira Sayfetdinova) 524
§ 8. Multilingualism and Cultural Interactions in the Golden Horde (Istv?n V?s?ry) ... 528

Chapter VIII. Economy, Crafts, and Trade 540
§ 1. The Nomadic Population of the Ulus of Jochi (Vladimir Ivanov) .. 540
§ 2. Agriculture, Cattle Breeding, Crafts, and Trade (Leonard Nedashkovsky) . 550
§ 3. Tatars and Merchants on the Black Sea Border in the 13th and 14th Centuries:
When Interests and Conflicts Align (Nicola Di Cosmo) . 578
§ 4. The Genoese and the Golden Horde (Michel Balard) . 595
§ 5. International and Domestic Trade (Leonard Nedashkovsky) .. 605
§ 6. Jochid Money and Monetary Policy in the 13–15th Centuries (Pavel Petrov) ... 614
§ 7. Cities of the Golden Horde (Emma Zilivinskaya, Dmitry Vasilyev) ... 630

Chapter IX. Natural, Social and Economic Crises .. 661
§ 1. Climate Change in Central Eurasia
and the Golden Horde (Uli Schamiloglu) ... 661
§ 2. The Impact of the Black Death on the Golden Horde: Politics, Economy,
Society, Civilisation (Uli Schamiloglu) .. 674

Chapter X. The Break Up of the Ulus of Jochi 689
§ 1. The Time of Troubles in the 1360s and 1370s (Ilnur Mirgaleyev) 689
§ 2. Attempts to Restore the Golden Horde at the End of the 14—Beginning
of the 15th Century (Ilnur Mirgaleyev) .. 693
§ 3. Struggle for Power in the First Half of the 15th Century (Roman Reva) 699
§ 4. Factors and Peculiarities Contributing to the Disintegration of the Ulus of Jochi
(Vadim Trepavlov) .. 724

Chapter XI. The Later Golden Horde Time 730
§ 1. The Jochid Ulus in the 15–16th Centuries: the Inertia of Unity (Vadim Trepavlov) .. 730
§ 2. The Great Horde (Vadim Trepavlov) .. 737
§ 3. The Astrakhan Yurt (Ilya Zaitsev) .. 747
§ 4. Ulug Ulus (the Crimean Khanate) (Vladislav Gulevich) 756
§ 5. Vilayate Kazan (The Kazan Khanate) (Anvar Aksanov) . 772
§ 6. 'The Meshchera Yurt' (Kasimov Khanate) (Bulat Rakhimzyanov) . 783
§ 7. Tyumen and the Siberian Yurts (Denis Maslyuzhenko) .. 793
§ 8. Tatar Political Structures in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania:
the 'T'ma' (Tumen) of Jaho?daj (Ilya Zaitsev) . 803
§ 9. Tatars in the Balkans (Tahsin Gemil) . 806
§ 10. Tatars in the Muscovite State (Andrey Belyakov) ... 811
§ 11. The Manghit Yurt (the Nogai Horde) (Vadim Trepavlov) .. 828
§ 12. The Domains of the Shibanids in Central Asia (Denis Maslyuzhenko) .. 838
§ 13. The Kazakh Khanate (Alexander Nesterov) 848

Chapter ХII. The Political Development of the Tatar States in the 15–18th Сenturies ... 851
§ 1. The Legal Culture of the Tatar States in the 15–18th Centuries:
the Heritage of the Golden Horde and Islamic Institutes (Roman Pochekaev) ... 851
§ 2. Tatar-Russian Relations in the 15th Century (Anton Gorsky) . 858
§ 3. Tatar-Russian Relations in the 16–18th Centuries (Ilya Zaitsev) 863
§ 4. Tatar Yurts and the Ottoman Empire (Ilya Zaitsev) 871
§ 5. Relations Between Tatar States and the Polish-Lithuanian State
(Dariusz Ko?odziejczyk) .. 893
§ 6. The Heritage of Chinggis Khan's State on European Maps of the 15–18th Сenturies
(Igor Fomenko) ... 902
Conclusion. The Golden Horde and Tatar Yurts
in World History (Vadim Trepavlov) . 919
Name Index .. 923
Geographical Index .. 944
Information about the Authors . 962