Table of contents:

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 Fundamental of Electrical Machines 1

1.1 Preliminary Remarks 1

1.2 Basic Laws of Electrical Engineering 1

1.3 Inductance 44

1.4 Energy 53

1.5 Overview of Electric Machines 55

Chapter 2 Magnetic Circuits 77

2.1 Preliminary Remarks 77

2.2 Permeability 77

2.3 Classification of Magnetic Materials 78

2.4 Hysteresis Loop 82

2.5 Eddy-Current and Core Losses 86

2.6 Magnetic Circuits 90

2.7 Field Energy 110

2.8 The Magnetic Energy for a Solenoid Carrying a Current I 115

2.9 Energy flow diagram 117

2.10 Multiple excited systems [9] 121

2.11 Concept of Rotating Magnetic Field 136

Chapter 3 Single-phase and Three-phase Transformers 158

3.1 Preliminary Remarks 158

3.2 Classification of Transformers 160

3.3 Principle of operation of transformer: 167

3.4 Impedance Transformation 170

3.5 DOT Convention 171

3.6 Real/Practical Transformer 172

3.7 Equivalent Circuit of a Single-phase Transformer 174

3.8 Phasor Diagrams Under Load Condition 183

3.9 Testing of Transformer 190

3.10 Performance measures of a Transformer 196

3.11 Auto-Transformer 210

3.12 Three-phase Transformer 216

3.13 Single-phase Equivalent Circuit of three-phase transformer 226

3.14 Open-delta connection or V connection 230

3.15 Harmonics in a single-phase Transformer 236

3.16 Disadvantages of Harmonics in Transformer 250

3.17 Open circuit and Short Circuit Conditions in Three-phase Transformer 254

3.18 Matlab/Simulink Model of a 1-phase Transformer 256

3.19 Matlab/Simulink Model of Testing of Transformer 259

3.20 Matlab/Simulink Model of Auto-Transformer 260

3.21 Matlab/Simulink Model of Three-phase Transformer 262

3.22 Supplementary Solved Problems 267

Chapter 4 Fundamental of Rotating Electrical Machines and Machine Windings 300

4.1 Preliminary Remarks 300

4.2 Machine Windings 304

4.3 Electromotive Force (EMF) Equation 363

4.4 Magnetomotive Force (mmf) of AC Windings 367

4.5 Harmonic Effect [6] 374

4.6 Basic Principles of Electric Machines 382

Chapter 5 DC Machines 394

5.1 Preliminary Remarks 394

5.2 Construction and types of DC generator 395

5.3 Principle of operation of DC generator 398

5.4 Commutation problem and solution 403

5.5 Types of windings 405

5.6 EMF equations in a DC generator 407

5.7 Brush placement in a DC machine 408

5.8 Equivalent circuit of DC generator 408

5.9 Losses of DC Generator 409

5.10 Armature reaction 415

5.11 Principle of operation of a DC motor 418

5.12 Emf and torque equations of DC motor 420

5.13 Types of DC motor 420

5.14 Characteristics of DC motors 425

5.15 Starting of DC motor 429

5.16 Speed control of DC motor 433

5.17 Solved examples 437

5.18 Matlab/Simulink model of DC machine 446

Chapter 6 Three-phase Induction Machine 460

6.1 Preliminary Remarks 460

6.2 Construction of a three-phase induction machine 460

6.3 Principle operation of three-phase induction motor 463

6.4 Per-phase Equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction machine 467

6.5 Power Flow diagram in a three-phase induction motor 475

6.6 Power relations in a three-phase induction motor 477

6.7 Steps to find different powers and efficiency 478

6.8 Per-phase Equivalent circuit considering stray load losses 481

6.9 Torque and Power Using Thevenin's Equivalent circuit 482

6.10 Torque-Speed Characteristics 486

6.11 Losses in a three-phase induction machine 496

6.12 Testing of three-phase induction motor 498

6.13 Starting of a three-phase induction motor 508

6.14 Speed Control of Induction Machine 517

6.15 Matlab/Simulink Modeling of three-phase Induction Motor 530

6.16 Practice Problems 539

Chapter 7 Synchronous Machine 559

7.1 Preliminary Remarks 559

7.2 Synchronous Machine Structures 559

7.3 Working Principle of The synchronous generator 564

7.4 Working Principle of The synchronous Motor 571

7.5 Starting of The synchronous Motor 572

7.6 Armature Reaction in Motor 573

7.7 Equivalent circuit and Phasor Diagram of The synchronous Machine 577

7.8 Open circuit and short circuit characteristics 587

7.9 Voltage Regulation 594

7.10 Efficiency of The synchronous Machine 605

7.11 Torque and Power curves 610

7.12 Maximum Power Output of the synchronous Generator 615

7.13 Capability Curve of the synchronous machine 620

7.14 Salient Pole Machine 625

7.15 Synchronization of Alternator with Bus-bar 641

7.16 Operation of The synchronous Machine Connected to an Infinite Bus-bar (Constant Vt and f) 647

7.17 Hunting in The synchronous Motor 657

7.18 Parallel operation of The synchronous generators 660

7.19 Matlab/Simulink Model of a Salient Pole The synchronous Machine 671

Chapter 8 Single-phase and Special Machines 683

8.1 Preliminary Remarks 683

8.2 Single-phase Induction Machine 683

8.3 Equivalent Circuit of Single-phase Machines 689

8.4 How to make single-phase induction motor self starting 695

8.5 Testing of Induction Machine 703

8.6 Types of Single-phase Induction Motors 708

8.7 Single-Phase Induction Motor Winding Design 711

8.8 Permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor 718

8.9 Shaded pole induction motor. 719

8.10 Universal Motor 720

8.11 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) 721

8.12 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines 723

8.13 Brushless DC Motor 723

8.14 Mathematical model of the single-phase induction motor: 725

8.15 Simulink Model of single phase Induction Motor 726

Chapter 9 Motors for Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy System 736

9.1 Introduction 736

9.2 Components of Electric Vehicles 737

9.3 Challenges and Requirements of Electric Machines for EVs 758

9.4 Commercially Available Electric Machines for EVs 762

9.5 Challenges and Requirements of Electric Machines for RES 768

9.6 Commercially Available Electric Machines for RES 770

Chapter 10 Multiphase (More Than 3-phase) Machines Concepts and Characteristics 780

10.1 Preliminary Remarks 780

10.2 Necessity of the Multiphase Machines 780

10.3 Working Principle 793

10.4 Stator Winding Design 795

10.5 Mathematical Modelling of Multiphase Machines 816

10.6 Vector Control Techniques for Multiphase Machines 829

10.7 MATLAB/Simulink Model of Multiphase Machines 836

Chapter 11 Numerical Simulation of Electrical Machines Using Finite Element Method 849

11.1 Introduction 849

11.2 Methods of Solving Electromagnetic Analysis 850

11.3 Formulation of 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional Analysis 863

11.4 Analysis and Implementation of FEM Machine Models 871

11.5 Example Model of 3-phase IM in Ansys Maxwell 2D 885

11.6 Summary 889

Index