Автор: Janglin Chen, Wayne Cranton, Mark Fihn Название: Handbook of Visual Display Technology Язык: English Издательство: Heidelberg; New York: Springer Год: 2012 ISBN: 3540795669; 978-3540795667 Серия: Springer reference Формат: pdf Размер: 59,2 mb Страниц: 2700
This handbook offers a comprehensive description of the science, technology, economic and human interface factors associated with the displays industry. With expert contributions from over 150 international display professionals and academic researchers, it covers all classes of display device and discusses established principles, emergent technologies, and particular areas of application. Covers display technologies, including organics and 3D technologies.
Preface v Foreword vii Editors-in-Chief xi Editorial Board xv Advisory Panel xxi List of Contributors xxii
Volume 1
Section 1 – Fundamentals of Optics for Displays 1.1 Properties of Light 1.1.1 Properties of Light 5 Timothy D. Wilkinson 1.2 Geometric Optics 1.2.1 Geometric Optics 23 Timothy D. Wilkinson 1.3 Optical Modulation 1.3.1 Optical Modulation 47 Timothy D. Wilkinson
Section 2 – Human Vision and Photometry 2.1 Vision and Perception 2.1.1 Anatomy of the Eye 73 Christine Garhart Lakshminarayanan 2.1.2 Light Detection and Sensitivity 85 Lakshminarayanan 2.1.3 Visual Acuity 93 Lakshminarayanan 2.1.4 Flicker Sensitivity 101 Lakshminarayanan 2.1.5 Spatial Vision and Pattern Perception 109 L. Srinivasa Varadharajan 2.1.6 Binocular Vision and Depth Perception 121 Robert Earl Patterson 2.2 Color Science 2.2.1 Color Communication 131 Stephen Westland 2.2.2 The CIE System 139 Stephen Westland 2.2.3 RGB Systems 147 Stephen Westland Vien Cheung 2.2.4 CMYK Systems 155 Stephen Westland Vien Cheung 2.2.5 Uniform Color Spaces 161 Vien Cheung 2.2.6 Color Perception 171 Marina Bloj Monika Hedrich 2.2.7 Colour Vision Deficiencies 179 Lakshminarayanan 2.3 Visual Ergonomics 2.3.1 Displays in the Workplace 191 Sarah Sharples 2.3.2 Display Screen Equipment: Standards and Regulation 203 Sarah Atkinson 2.4 Photometry 2.4.1 Light Emission and Photometry 217 Teresa Goodman xxiv Table of Contents 2.4.2 Measurement Instrumentation and Calibration Standards 229 Teresa Goodman 2.4.3 Overview of the Photometric Characterisation of Visual Displays 243 Teresa Goodman
Section 3 – Image Storage and Processing 3.1 Introduction to Electronic Imaging 3.1.1 Introduction to Electronic Imaging 261 Jon Peddie 3.2 Image Storage and Compression 3.2.1 Digital Image Storage and Compression 277 Tom Coughlin 3.2.2 Video Compression 287 Scott Janus 3.2.3 Fundamentals of Image Color Management 301 Matthew C. Forman Karlheinz Blankenbach 3.3 Image Manipulation 3.3.1 Digital Image Operations 313 Matthew C. Forman 3.3.2 Signal Filtering: Noise Reduction and Detail Enhancement 325 Karl G. Baum 3.3.3 TV and Video Processing 345 Scott Janus 3.4 Case Study: Medical Imaging and Display 3.4.1 Reliability and Fidelity of Medical Imaging Data 363 Alfred Poor 3.4.2 Ultrasound Imaging 373 Robert M. Nally Table of Contents xxv 3.5 Case Study: Security Imaging and Display 3.5.1 Data Hiding and Digital Watermarking 387 Daniel Taranovsky 3.5.2 Biometrics and Recognition Technology 401 Daniel Taranovsky
Section 4 – Driving Displays 4.1 Direct Drive, Multiplex and Passive Matrix 4.1.1 Direct Drive, Multiplex and Passive Matrix 417 Karlheinz Blankenbach Andreas Hudak Michael Jentsch 4.2 Active Matrix Driving 4.2.1 Active Matrix Driving 441 Karlheinz Blankenbach 4.3 Panel Interfaces 4.3.1 Panel Interfaces: Fundamentals 461 Karlheinz Blankenbach 4.3.2 Serial Display Interfaces 471 Thomas Wirschem 4.3.3 High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI®) 481 Jim Chase 4.4 Embedded Systems 4.4.1 Embedded Systems: Fundamentals 493 Karlheinz Blankenbach 4.4.2 Graphics Controllers 503 Andreas Grimm xxvi Table of Contents 4.4.3 FPGA IP Cores for Displays 511 Davor Kovacˇec 4.4.4 APIX: High Speed Automotive Pixel Link 531 Markus Ro¨mer 4.5 Signal Processing Tasks 4.5.1 Video Processing Tasks 549 Markus Schu 4.5.2 Dimming of LED LCD Backlights 567 Chihao Xu Marc Albrecht Tobias Jung 4.6 Power Supply 4.6.1 Power Supply Fundamentals 577 Oliver Nachbaur 4.6.2 Power Supply Sequencing 591 Oliver Nachbaur
Volume 2
Section 5 – TFTs and Materials for Displays and Touchscreens 5.1 Display Glass 5.1.1 Glass Substrates for AMLCD, OLED and Emerging Display Platforms 599 Peter L. Bocko 5.2 Inorganic Semiconductor TFT Technology 5.2.1 Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Transistors (a Si:H TFTs) 627 A. J. Flewitt 5.2.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film Transistors (Poly-Si TFTs) 647 S. D. Brotherton Table of Contents xxvii 5.3 Emerging TFT Technologies 5.3.1 Organic TFTs: Vacuum-Deposited Small-Molecule Semiconductors 677 Hagen Klauk 5.3.2 Organic TFTs: Solution-Processable Small-Molecule Semiconductors 697 David Redinger Marcia Payne 5.3.3 Organic TFTs: Polymers 709 Feng Liu Sunzida Ferdous Alejandro L. Briseno 5.3.4 Oxide TFTs 729 Hideo Hosono 5.3.5 Carbon Nanotube TFTs 751 Axel Schindler 5.4 Transparent Conductors: ITO and ITO Replacements 5.4.1 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO): Sputter Deposition Processes 779 Paul Lippens Uwe Muehlfeld 5.4.2 ITO Replacements: Carbon Nanotubes 795 Axel Schindler 5.4.3 ITO Replacements: Polymers 809 Wilfried Lo¨venich Andreas Elschner 5.4.4 ITO Replacements: Insulator-Metal-Insulator Layers 819 Bernd Szyszka 5.5 Patterning Processes 5.5.1 Photolithography for Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Displays 835 Wen-yi Lin W. B. Wu K. C. Cheng Hsin Hung Li 5.5.2 Wet Etching 861 Hua-Chi Cheng 5.5.3 Dry Etching 871 Eugen Stamate Geun Young Yeom xxviii Table of Contents 5.6 Flexible Displays 5.6.1 Flexible Displays: Attributes, Technologies Compatible with Flexible Substrates and Applications 885 Kalluri R. Sarma 5.6.2 Flexible Displays: TFT Technology: Substrate Options and TFT Processing Strategies 897 Kalluri R. Sarma 5.7 Touchscreen Technologies 5.7.1 Introduction to Touchscreen Technologies 935 Robert Phares Mark Fihn 5.7.2 Transparent Conducting Coatings on Polymer Substrates for Touchscreens and Displays 975 Charles A. Bishop 5.7.3 Anisotropic Conductive Adhesives 989 Peter J. Opdahl 5.7.4 Touchscreen Computer Interfaces: Electronics 997 Lance Lamont Carol Crawford
Section 6 – Emissive Displays 6.1 Inorganic Phosphors 6.1.1 Luminescence of Phosphors 1013 Robert Withnall Jack Silver 6.1.2 Physics of Light Emission from Rare-Earth Doped Phosphors 1019 Robert Withnall Jack Silver 6.1.3 Chemistry and Synthesis of Inorganic Light Emitting Phosphors 1029 Jack Silver Robert Withnall 6.2 Cathodoluminescent Displays 6.2.1 Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) 1043 Gerhard Gassler Table of Contents xxix 6.2.2 Vacuum Fluorescent Displays (VFDs) 1055 Andrew Stubbings 6.2.3 Field Emission Displays (FEDs) 1071 Yongchang Fan Mervyn Rose 6.2.4 New Field Emission Technologies 1105 Mervyn Rose Yongchang Fan 6.3 Plasma Display Panels 6.3.1 Plasma Display Panels 1139 David N. Liu 6.4 Light Emitting Diode (LED) Displays 6.4.1 Light Emitting Diodes: Fundamentals 1155 M. R. Krames 6.4.2 LED Display Applications and Design Considerations 1169 Robbie Thielemans 6.5 Inorganic Electroluminescent Displays 6.5.1 Thin Film Electroluminescence (TFEL) 1183 Adrian H. Kitai Feng Chen 6.5.2 AC Powder Electroluminescence (ACPEL) and Devices 1193 Feng Chen Adrian H. Kitai 6.6 Organic Electroluminescent Displays 6.6.1 Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDS) 1209 Ruiqing Ma 6.6.2 Active Matrix for OLED Displays 1223 Ruiqing Ma xxx Table of Contents
Volume 3
Section 7 – Liquid Crystal Displays 7.1 Liquid Crystal Fundamentals and Materials 7.1.1 Materials and Phase Structures of Calamitic and Discotic Liquid Crystals 1243 J. W. Goodby 7.1.2 Introduction to Defect Textures in Liquid Crystals 1289 J. W. Goodby 7.1.3 Liquid Crystal Materials for Devices 1315 Melanie Klasen-Memmer Harald Hirschmann 7.1.4 Physical Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals 1343 Carl V. Brown 7.2 Liquid Crystal Material Physics 7.2.1 Optics of Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystal Displays 1365 Philip W. Benzie Steve J. Elston 7.2.2 Alignment Properties of Liquid Crystals 1387 Lesley Parry Jones 7.2.3 Liquid Crystal Theory and Modelling 1403 N. J. Mottram C. J. P. Newton 7.3 LCD Device Technology 7.3.1 Twisted Nematic and Supertwisted Nematic LCDs 1433 Peter Raynes 7.3.2 Smectic LCD Modes 1445 Per Rudquist 7.3.3 In-Plane Switching (IPS) Technology 1469 Hyungki Hong 7.3.4 Vertically Aligned Nematic (VAN) LCD Technology 1485 Hidefumi Yoshida Table of Contents xxxi 7.3.5 Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays 1507 Cliff Jones 7.3.6 Cholesteric Reflective Displays 1545 David Coates 7.3.7 Polymer Dispersed LCDs 1565 Francesco Bloisi Luciano Rosario Maria Vicari 7.4 LCD Addressing 7.4.1 Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays (AMLCDs) 1589 Mervyn Rose 7.5 LCD Backlights and Films 7.5.1 LCD Backlights 1609 Gary Boyd 7.5.2 Optical Enhancement Films 1625 Gary Boyd 7.6 LCD Production 7.6.1 LCD Processing and Testing 1649 Yoshitaka Yamamoto 7.7 Emerging Technologies 7.7.1 The p-Cell 1675 Philip Bos 7.7.2 Flexoelectro-Optic Liquid Crystal Displays 1681 Harry J. Coles Stephen M. Morris
Section 8 – Paper-Like and Low Power Displays 8.1 Colorant Transposition Displays 8.1.1 Electrophoretic Displays 1699 Karl Amundson xxxii Table of Contents 8.1.2 In-Plane Electrophoretic Displays 1715 Kars-Michiel H. Lenssen 8.1.3 Video-Speed Electrowetting Display Technology 1731 Johan Feenstra 8.1.4 Droplet-Driven Electrowetting Displays 1747 Frank Bartels 8.1.5 Electrofluidic Displays 1761 Kaichang Zhou Jason Heikenfeld 8.2 MEMS-based Displays 8.2.1 Mirasol® – MEMS-based Direct View Reflective Display Technology 1777 Ion Bita Alok Govil Evgeni Gusev 8.2.2 Time Multiplexed Optical Shutter Displays 1787 Daniel K. Van Ostrand Ram Ramakrishnan
Section 9 – 3D Displays 9.1 3D Display Fundamentals 9.1.1 Introduction to 3D Displays 1807 Mark Fihn 9.1.2 Human Factors of 3D Displays 1815 Robert Earl Patterson 9.2 Stereoscopic 3D Display Technology 9.2.1 Introduction to Projected Stereoscopic Displays 1825 Lenny Lipton 9.2.2 Addressing Stereoscopic 3D Displays 1831 Matthew C. Forman 9.2.3 3D Cinema Technology 1843 Bernard Mendiburu Table of Contents xxxiii 9.3 Autostereoscopic 3D Display Technology 9.3.1 Autostereoscopic Displays 1861 Adrian Travis 9.3.2 Head- and Eye-Tracking Solutions for Autostereoscopic and Holographic 3D Displays 1875 Enrico Zschau Stephan Reichelt 9.3.3 Emerging Autostereoscopic Displays 1899 Phil Surman Ian Sexton 9.4 Volumetric & Pseudo-Volumetric 3D Display Technologies 9.4.1 Volumetric 3D Displays 1917 Barry G. Blundell 9.4.2 Pseudo-Volumetric 3D Display Solutions 1933 Ismo Rakkolainen 9.5 Holographic 3D Displays 9.5.1 Principles of Display Holography 1945 Graham Saxby 9.5.2 Electronic Holographic Displays – 20 Years of Interactive Spatial Imaging 1963 Mark E. Lucente
Volume 4
Section 10 – Mobile Displays, Microdisplays, Projection and Headworn Displays 10.1 Mobile Displays 10.1.1 Introduction to Mobile Displays 1983 Jyrki Kimmel 10.1.2 Transflective Displays for Mobile Devices 1993 Jyrki Kimmel 10.1.3 Alternative Technologies for Mobile Direct-View Displays 2003 Jyrki Kimmel xxxiv Table of Contents 10.1.4 Liquid Crystal Optics for Mobile Displays 2013 Jyrki Kimmel 10.1.5 Energy Aspects of Mobile Display Technology 2023 Jyrki Kimmel 10.2 Microdisplay Technologies 10.2.1 Introduction to Microdisplays 2033 Ian Underwood 10.2.2 Liquid Crystal on Silicon Reflective Microdisplays 2043 Ian Underwood 10.2.3 Transmissive Liquid Crystal Microdisplays 2057 Ian Underwood 10.2.4 MEMS Microdisplays 2067 Hakan Urey Sid Madhavan Margaret Brown 10.2.5 DLP® Projection Technology 2081 David W. Monk 10.2.6 OLED and Other Emissive Microdisplays 2095 Ian Underwood 10.3 Microdisplay Applications: Projection Systems 10.3.1 Methods of 2-D Image Formation in Microdisplay-based and Related Systems 2111 Ian Underwood 10.3.2 Digital Cinema Projection 2125 David W. Monk 10.3.3 Data Projectors 2135 Patrick Vandenberghe 10.4 Microdisplay Applications: Head-Worn Displays (HWDs) 10.4.1 See-Through Head Worn Display (HWD) Architectures 2145 Jannick P. Rolland Kevin P. Thompson Hakan Urey Mason Thomas Table of Contents xxxv 10.4.2 Human Interface Factors Associated with HWDs 2171 Robert Earl Patterson 10.4.3 Optical Components for Head-Worn Displays 2183 Ozan Cakmakci Michael J. Hayford 10.4.4 Examples of HWD Architectures: Low-, Mid- and Wide-Field of View Designs 2195 Ozan Cakmakci Jannick P. Rolland 10.5 Electronic Viewfinders 10.5.1 Electronic Viewfinders 2215 Ian Underwood David Steven 10.6 Emerging Technologies 10.6.1 Multifocus Displays 2229 Brian T. Schowengerdt Eric J. Seibel 10.6.2 Occlusion Displays 2251 Kiyoshi Kiyokawa 10.6.3 Cognitive Engineering and Information Displays 2259 Robert Earl Patterson Jannick P. Rolland
Section 11 – Display Metrology 11.1 Introduction to Display Metrology 11.1.1 Introduction to Display Metrology 2275 Karlheinz Blankenbach 11.2 Standard Measurement Procedures 11.2.1 Luminance, Contrast Ratio and Grey Scale 2289 Karlheinz Blankenbach 11.2.2 Color 2307 Karlheinz Blankenbach xxxvi Table of Contents 11.3 Advanced Measurement Procedures 11.3.1 Spatial Effects 2331 Karlheinz Blankenbach 11.3.2 Temporal Effects 2345 Karlheinz Blankenbach 11.3.3 Viewing Angle 2367 Karlheinz Blankenbach 11.3.4 Ambient Light 2383 Karlheinz Blankenbach 11.4 Display Technology-Dependent Issues 11.4.1 Display Technology-Dependent Issues 2417 Karlheinz Blankenbach 11.5 Standards and Test Patterns 11.5.1 Standards and Test Patterns 2429 Karlheinz Blankenbach 11.6 Measurement Devices 11.6.1 Measurement Devices 2447 Karlheinz Blankenbach
Section 12 – Display Markets and Economics 12.1 Introduction to Markets and Economics 12.1.1 The Problem with Forecasts 2471 Mark Fihn 12.1.2 Display Market Forecasting 2483 Ross Young Table of Contents xxxvii 12.2 Economic Considerations 12.2.1 The Crystal Cycle 2493 David Barnes 12.2.2 Opportunities for Alternative Display Technologies: Touchscreens, E-Paper Displays and OLED Displays 2499 Jennifer Colegrove 12.3 Computer Graphics 12.3.1 The History of Graphics: Software’s Sway Over Silicon 2511 Adam Kerin 12.3.2 Design Tools: Imaging, Vector Graphics and Design Evolution 2519 Kathleen Maher 12.4 High-Resolution Displays 12.4.1 Introduction to High-Resolution Displays 2541 Mark Fihn 12.4.2 Eye Resolution Displays 2551 Norman Bardsley 12.4.3 The IBM T221 9.2M Pixel Display 2563 Alan D. Jones 12.4.4 Multi-Display Desktops and the Case for More Pixels 2571 Andrew Garrard 12.5 High-Definition TV 12.5.1 LCDs, Growth and Market Coverage 2583 Bruce Berkoff 12.5.2 Quadrupling HD and Beyond 2589 Mark Fihn 12.6 3D Displays 12.6.1 Trends in the 3D TV Market 2599 Chris Chinnock xxxviii Table of Contents 12.7 Green Technologies 12.7.1 The Display Industry in a Green World 2609 Keith J. Baker 12.7.2 Sustainability in LCD Manufacturing, Recycling and Reuse 2621 Avtar Singh Matharu
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Handbook of Visual Display Technology 
